Argument 201

The citizens of Forsythe have adopted healthier lifestyles. Their responses to a recent survey show that in their eating habits they conform more closely to government nutritional recommendations than they did ten years ago. Furthermore, there has been a fourfold increase in sales of food products containing kiran, a substance that a scientific study has shown reduces cholesterol. This trend is also evident in reduced sales of sulia, a food that few of the healthiest citizens regularly eat.
　　Forsythe 的公民们已采用了较为健康的生活方式。从他们对一项近期的调查所作的回答来看，在其饮食习惯方面，他们比10多年前更密切地遵循着政府的营养建议。此外，在含有kiran——一种经科学研究证明可减少胆固醇的物质——的食品的销售中，已出现了四成的增长。这一趋势也明显体现于sulia的销售下降中，而sulia则是最健康的公民通常几乎不会食用的一种食品。

Argument 202

Humans arrived in the Kaliko Islands about 7,000 years ago, and within 3,000 years most of the large mammal species that had lived in the forests of the Kaliko Islands had become extinct. Yet humans cannot have been a factor in the species' extinctions, because there is no evidence that the humans had any significant contact with the mammals. Further, archaeologists have discovered numerous sites where the bones of fish had been discarded, but they found no such areas containing the bones of large mammals, so the humans cannot have hunted the mammals. Therefore, some climate change or other environmental factor must have caused the species' extinctions. 　　“人类约在7,000年之前抵达Kaliko群岛，在3,000年不到的时间内大多数栖息在Kaliko群岛森林中的大型哺乳动物物种已宣告灭绝。然而，人类的存在不可能是导致这些物种灭绝的一个因素，因为没有任何证据可证明人类与哺乳动物之间有过任何重大的接触。此外，考古学家还发现了多个有鱼骨遭弃置的遗址，但他们却没有发现含有大型哺乳动物骨头的这类遗址，故人类不可能曾猎杀过哺乳动物。因此，肯定是某种气候变迁或其他的环境因素导致了这些物种的灭绝。”

Argument 203

The following appeared in a newspaper feature story.
"At the small, nonprofit hospital in the town of Saluda, the average length of a patient's stay is two days; at the large, for-profit hospital in the nearby city of Megaville, the average patient stay is six days. Also, the cure rate among patients in the Saluda hospital is about twice that of the Megaville hospital. The Saluda hospital has more employees per patient than the hospital in Megaville, and there are few complaints about service at the local hospital. Such data indicate that treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospitals is more economical and of better quality than treatment in larger, for-profit hospitals."
下述文字摘自某报纸主题故事
　　"在Saluda镇那座规模不大的非盈利性医院，病人住院的平均长度仅为两天；而在邻近的Megaville市的那家大型盈利性医院，病人住院的平均长度则是6天。此外，Saluda医院的病人治愈率大约是Megaville市医院的两倍。Saluda医院里员工与病人的比例也高于Megaville市医院，并且在这所地方医院，患者对服务质量的投诉也极少。所有这些数据均表明，小型非盈利性医院的医疗要比大型盈利性医院的医疗来得更加质优价廉。"

Argument 204

The following appeared as a letter to the editor of a farming publication.
"With continuing publicity about the need for healthful diets, and with new research about the harmful effects of eating too much sugar, nationwide demand for sugar will no doubt decline. Therefore, farmers in our state should use the land on which they currently grow sugar cane to grow peanuts, a food that is rich in protein and low in sugar. Farmers in the neighboring country of Palin greatly increased their production of peanuts last year, and their total revenues from that crop were quite high."
下述文字摘自一封致某农村出版物的编辑的信函：
　　“随着持续不断的有关健康饮食必要性的宣传，以及对食用过多糖份所带来的有害后果所作的新研究，全国范围内对糖的需求量将会下降。因此，本州农民应该将目前用来种植甘蔗的土地改为种植花生这种蛋白质含量高而糖份含量低的作物。邻国Palin的农民去年大幅度增加了其花生的生产，且他们从这一作物中获得的总收益十分可观。”

Argument 205

The following appeared in a recommendation from the president of Amburg's Chamber of Commerce.
"Last October the city of Belleville installed high intensity lighting in its central business district, and vandalism there declined almost immediately. The city of Amburg has recently begun police patrols on bicycles in its business district but the rate of vandalism there remains constant. Since high intensity lighting is apparently the most effective way to combat crime, we should install such lighting throughout Amburg. By reducing crime in this way, we can revitalize the declining neighborhoods in our city."
下述文字摘自Amburge商会主席的一份书面建议。
　　“去年10月，Belleville市在其中央商务区安装了高密度的照明系统，那里毁坏公共设施的行为几乎即刻下降。Amburg市最近已开始实行警察骑着自行车在其商务区进行巡察的制度，但毁坏公共设施的比例依然居高不下。既然高密度照明系统显然是最有效的方法来与犯罪行为作斗争，我们就应该在Amburg市的所有地方安装此类照明系统。通过以这种方式减少犯罪，我们便能为本市越来越不景气的各个社区重新注入活力。”

Argument 206

The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Parkville Daily Newspaper。
"Throughout the country last year, as more and more children below the age of nine participated in youth-league softball and soccer, over 80,000 of these young players suffered injuries. When interviewed for a recent study, youth-league softball players in several major cities also reported psychological pressure from coaches and parents to win games. Furthermore, education experts say that long practice sessions for these sports take away time that could be used for academic activities. Since the disadvantages apparently outweigh any advantages, we in Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for children under nine."
下述文字摘至一封致《 Parkville日报》某编辑的信函 .
　　“去年在我们整个国家，由于越来越多的9岁以下的孩子参加了青少年联赛的垒球和足球运动，这些年轻球员中有不止80，000多人受伤。在接受某项近期的研究的访谈时，若干大城市中青少年联赛的垒球运动员称，他们承受着来自教练和家长的赢球压力。此外，教育专家称，这些体育运动员所需的漫长训练期耗费了原本可用于学习活动的时间。既然弊明显大于利，我们在Parkille 市就应该停止9岁以下的儿童进行有组织的体育竞赛。"

Argument 207

It is known that in recent years, industrial pollution has caused the Earth's ozone layer to thin, allowing an increase in the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches the Earth's surface. At the same time, scientists have discovered, the population of a species of salamander that lays its eggs in mountain lakes has declined. Since ultraviolet radiation is known to be damaging to delicate tissues and since salamander eggs have no protective shells, it must be the case that the increase in ultraviolet radiation has damaged many salamander eggs and prevented them from hatching. This process will no doubt cause population declines in other species, just as it has in the salamander species.
Environmentalists are people who advocate the preservation of the natural environment.
　　众所周知，在最近的几年中，工业污染已导致地球的臭氧层变得日益稀薄，致使到达地球表面的紫外线辐射量增加。同时，科学家们发现，一种在山间湖泊里产卵的物种——蝾螈——的种群数量已出现减少。由于紫外线辐射会破坏纤薄的组织，且由于蝾螈的卵没有任何保护性外壳，情况肯定是，紫外线辐射的增加已毁灭了大量的蝾螈卵，使他们无法被孵化。这一过程无疑会导致其他物种的种群数量下降，正如它已导致了蝾螈物种的数量下降那样。

Argument 208

The following appeared in a memorandum from the planning department of an electric power company
"Several recent surveys indicate that homeowners are increasingly eager to conserve energy and manufacturers are now marketing many home appliances, such as refrigerators and air conditioners, that are almost twice as energy-efficient as those sold a decade ago. Also, new technologies for better home insulation and passive solar heating are readily available to reduce the energy needed for home heating. Therefore, we anticipate that the total demand for electricity in our area will not increase, and may decline slightly. Since our three electric generating plants in operation for the past 20 years have always met our needs, construction of new generating plants should not be necessary."
下述文字摘自某电力公司规划部门的一份备忘录
　　"近期的几项调查显示，房主们越来越迫切地想节约能源，而制造商们现在正在销售许多诸如电冰箱和空调一类比10年前几乎能节约能源两倍的家用电器。此外，有助于获得更佳家庭绝缘效果和被动太阳能供热的新技术也是唾手可得，用以减少家庭供热所需的能源。因此，我们预期我们地区电力总需求将不会增加，甚至会略降。既然我们过去20年中一直在运行的三座发电厂总是能满足我们的需求，新发电厂的建造将是不必要的."

Argument 209

The following recommendation was made by the Human Resources Manager to the board of directors of the Fancy Toy Company
“In the last three quarters of this year, under the leadership of our president, Pat Salvo, our profits have fallen considerably. Thus, we should ask for her resignation in return for a generous severance package. In Pat's place, we should appoint Rosa Winnings. Rosa is currently president of Starlight Jewelry, a company whose profits have increased dramatically over the past several years. Although we will have to pay Rosa twice the salary that Pat has been receiving, it will be well worth it because we can soon expect our profits to increase considerably.
下述文字摘自人力资源经理致新奇玩具公司董事会的一份提案
　　"在本年度的过去三个季度中，在公司总裁Pat Salvo领导下，我们的利润已发生严重下滑。因此，我们应请求她辞职，以换取一份丰厚的一揽子离职福利。我们将任命Rosa Winnings来取代她的位置。Rosa 女士现任星光珠宝公司的总裁，她所领导的公司在过去的几年内利润取得了戏剧性的增长。虽然我们将不得不向Rosa女士支付高出Pat薪水两倍的工资，但这将非常值得，因为我们可以预期我们的利润不日将大幅度攀升。"

Argument 210

The following is a letter to the editor of a news magazine
"Clearly, the successful use of robots on missions to explore outer space in the past 20 years demonstrates that robots could be increasingly used to perform factory work more effectively, efficiently, and profitably than human factory workers. The use of robots in factories would offer several advantages. First, robots never get sick, so absenteeism would be reduced. Second, robots do not make mistakes, so factories would increase their output. Finally, the use of robots would also improve the morale of factory workers, since factory work can be so boring that many workers would be glad to shift to more interesting kinds of tasks."
下述文字摘自一封致某新闻杂志编辑的信函。
　　“显而易见，在过去20年中，人类成功地使用机器人执行探索外层空间的使命足以证明，机器人可被越来越多地用来从事工厂工作。与工厂的人类工人相比，机器人的工作将更为有效、高效和划算。机器人在工厂中的使用将会带来诸多裨益。首先，机器人永远也不会生病，因此旷工现象将会减少。其次，机器人不可能失误，因此工厂可提高产量。最后，机器人的使用也能改善工厂工人的士气，因为工厂的工作会如此枯燥乏味，以致于许多工人会非常乐意转而去从事更有意思的工种。”

Argument 211

The following appeared in a memorandum to faculty from the academic vice president of Waymarsh University.
"So that we can better accomplish Waymarsh University's academic goals, we should adopt the job-opportunity (job-op) program offered at Plateau Technical College and strongly encourage all students at Waymarsh to participate in it. The success of the job-op program at Plateau is evident: over the past two years, more than 75% of the freshmen at Plateau have enrolled in the optional job-op program. Moreover, at Plateau, the grades of job-op students are consistently higher than those of other students, 90% of the job-op students receive job offers within a month after their graduation, and most former job-op students report much success in their careers."
下述文字摘自Waymarsh大学学术副校长致教职员工的一份备忘录。
　　“为了更好地实现Waymarsh大学的学术目标，我们应该采用高原技工学院所提供的“工作机会计划”，并竭力鼓励Waymarsh大学的所有学生参与到此项计划中来。高原技工学院“工作机会计划”的成功是显而易见的：在过去两年中，高原技工学院75%以上的新生报名参加了这一选修课性质的“工作机会计划”。此外，在高原技工学院，参加“工作机会计划”的学生的成绩一直要比其他学生的成绩高；有90%的“工作机会计划”学生在其毕业后的一个月内就获得工作聘任书，而大多数前“工作机会计划”学生也宣称他们的职业生涯极为成功。”

Argument 212

The following appeared in a memorandum from the new president of the Patriot car manufacturing company
“ In the past, the body styles of Patriot cars have been old-fashioned, and our cars have not sold as well as have our competitors' cars. But now, since many regions in this country report rapid increases in the numbers of newly licensed drivers, we should be able to increase our share of the market by selling cars to this growing population. Thus, we should discontinue our oldest models and concentrate instead on manufacturing sporty cars. We can also improve the success of our marketing campaigns by switching our advertising to the Youth Advertising agency, which has successfully promoted the country's leading soft drink.”
下述文字摘自爱国者汽车制造公司新总裁的一份备忘录。
　　“过去，爱国者汽车的车身款式陈旧不堪，我们的汽车销售状况远不如我们竞争对手的汽车。但现在，鉴于在本国的许多地区新近获得驾驶执照的司机数量激增，我们就有可能通过将汽车推销给这部分不断增长的人口，从而来增加我们的市场份额。因此，我们必须中止我们最古老的车型，将注意力转而集中在运动型汽车的制造上。此外，我们也应将我们的广告事务转交给青年广告公司来代理，以提高我们营销活动的成功。众所周知，青年广告公司有着成功促销本国首屈一指的软饮料品牌的经验。”

Argument 213

The following appeared in a memorandum from the owner of Armchair Video, a chain of video rental stores.
"Because of declining profits, we must reduce operating expenses at Armchair Video's ten video rental stores. Raising prices is not a good option, since we are famous for our special bargains. Instead, we should reduce our operating hours. Last month our store in downtown Marston reduced its hours by closing at 6:00 P.M. rather than 9:00 P.M. and reduced its overall inventory by no longer stocking any film released more than two years ago. Since we have received very few customer complaints about these new policies, we should now adopt them at all other Armchair Video stores as our best strategies for improving profits."
下述文字摘自Armchair Video——一家音像制品出租连锁店——店主的备忘录.
　　"由于利润下降，我们必须减少Armchair Video　10家音像品出租商店的营业开支。提高价格显然不是一种可行的选择，因为我们所赖以闻名遐迩的正是我们的特廉价格。相反，我们应该缩短我们的营业时间。上个月，我们在 Marston闹市区的那家商店缩短了它的营业时间，在晚上6点而不是在晚上9点打烊，并压缩了所售音像制品的总目录，对2年前发行的电影不再进货。既然我们几乎没有收到顾客对这两项新措施提出的抱怨，我们应该现在就在Armchair Video的所有其他商店采用这些措施，作为我们提高利润的最佳策略。"

Argument 214

In each city in the region of Treehaven, the majority of the money spent on government-run public school education comes from taxes that each city government collects. The region's cities differ, however, in the value they place on public education. For example, Parson City typically budgets twice as much money per year as Blue City does for its public schools—even though both cities have about the same number of residents. It seems clear, therefore, that Parson City residents care more about public school education than do Blue City residents.
　　在Treehaven地区的每个市内，投入到由政府管理的公立学校教育上的经费，多数来自每个市的市政府所征收的税款。但是，该地区的每个城市，它们对公共教育的价值各有不同的认同。例如，Parson市每年为其公立学校预算的经费是Blue市的两倍，尽管这两个城市的居民数量大致相同。因此，似乎显而易见，Parson市的居民要比Blue市的居民更加关注公立学校的教育。

Argument 215

The following appeared in a letter to the Grandview City Council from a local business leader.
"During last year's severe drought, when the water supply in the Grandview city reservoir fell to an extremely low level, the city council imposed much more rigid water-rationing rules. But just after these rules were imposed, industrial growth in the area declined. This clearly shows that the new rationing rules have hurt industry in Grandview. Therefore, to promote the health of the local economy, the city council should now stop water rationing."
下述文字摘自某份商业杂志
　　“在去年严重干旱期间，当Grandview市水库的供水下降至一个极低的水平时，市政厅实施了远严历得多的水配给规定。但就在这些规定实施之后，本地区的工业增长即告下降。这明显表示新的配给规定已危及到Grandview的工业。因此，为了增强地方经济的活力，市政厅现在应该停止水的配给制度。”

Argument 216

The following appeared in a magazine article about planning for retirement.
"Because of its spectacular natural beauty and consistent climate, Clearview should be a top choice for anyone seeking a place to retire. As a bonus, housing costs in Clearview have fallen significantly during the past year, and real estate taxes remain lower than those in neighboring towns. Nevertheless, Clearview's mayor promises many new programs to improve schools, streets, and public services. Retirees in Clearview can also expect excellent health care as they grow older, since the number of physicians in the area is far greater than the national average."
下述文字摘自有关规划退休的一篇杂志文章。
　　“鉴于其壮观的自然美景以及稳定的气候状况，Clearview市应该成为任何一个寻找隐退场所的人的首选。作为一种额外的有利条件，Clearview市的住房费用在过去一年中大幅下降，且房地产税要比邻近城镇保持着更低的水平。虽然如此，Clearview市的市长承诺，将实施许多新计划来改善学校、街道和公共服务水平。在Clearview市，退休人员还可望随着年龄的日渐增加而获得优良的医疗保健，因为该地区的大夫数量远高于全国的平均数量。”

Argument 217

The following appeared in a brochure promoting the purchase of local franchises for a national chain of gyms.
“Now is the time to invest in a Power-Lift Gym franchise so that you can profit from opening one of our gyms in your town. Consider the current trends: Power-Lift Gyms are already popular among customers in 500 locations, and national surveys indicate increasing concern with weight loss and physical fitness. Furthermore, last year's sales of books and magazines on personal health totaled more than $50 million, and purchases of home exercise equipment almost doubled. Investing now in a Power-Lift Gym franchise will guarantee a quick profit.”
下述文字摘自一本小册子，该小册子旨在促使人们购买某全国性健身连锁店的地方特许经销权。
　　“现在是投资购买Power-Lift健身特许经销权的时候了，这样，你就能从我们在贵市开办健身馆这一项目中获益。请考虑一下目前的潮流吧！Power-Lift健身馆早就在500多处地方广受客户的欢迎。全国性的调查显示，人们对减肥和健美日益关注。此外，去年，个人健康方面的图书和杂志销售总共达到5000万美元之巨，且家庭健身器材的购买也几乎翻了一倍。现在投资购买Power-Lift健身馆的特许经销权将会保证快速盈利。”

Argument 218

The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Hyper-Go Toy Company.
“Last year, sales of our Fierce Fighter toy airplane declined sharply, even though the toy had been a top seller for three years. Our customer surveys show that parents are now more worried about youthful violence and are concerned about better education for their children. Therefore, to maintain profits we should discontinue all our action toys and focus exclusively on a new line of educational toys.Several other toy companies have already begun marketing educational toys and report sales increases last year of 200 percent. And since the average family income is growing, sales of new Hyper-Go toys should also increase.”
下述文字摘自Hyper-Go玩具公司总裁的备忘录
　　“去年，本公司‘威猛’玩具飞机的销售急剧下降，尽管该玩具在过去三年中一直是最畅销的产品。我们的客户调查显示，父母们现在更担心的是青少年的暴力行为，对他们子女获得更好的教育深切关注。因此，为了维持利润，我们应该停止我们所有的运动型玩具，将注意力全部集中在全新类型的教学玩具上。其他几个玩具公司早就开始销售教学玩具，并反映说去年的销售上升了200％。既然普通家庭收入呈上升趋势，Hyper-Go新玩具的销售应该也会上升。”

Argument 219

The following appeared in a memorandum from a vice president of the Megamart department store chain.
"For the third year in a row, the average household income in our country has risen significantly. That prosperity means that families are likely to be spending more time and money on leisure activities. Megamart stores should therefore concentrate on enlarging and promoting its line of products typically used in leisure activities: athletic and outdoor equipment, televisions, gourmet cooking equipment, and luggage and travel accessories."
下述文字摘自Megamart百货连锁店副总裁备忘录。
　　"我国普通家庭的收入连续三年大幅上升。这一繁荣意味着所有家庭将会把更多的时间和金钱花在休闲活动上。因此，Megamart商店应该重点致力于扩大并力推广泛用于休闲活动的那类产品，即体育运动及室外活动器材，电视，美食炊具，行李及旅行配件。"

Argument 220

The following appeared in an article in a magazine for writers.
"A recent study showed that in describing a typical day's conversation, people make an average of 23 references to watching television and only 1 reference to reading fiction. This result suggests that, compared with the television industry, the publishing and bookselling industries are likely to decline in profitability. Therefore, people who wish to have careers as writers should acquire training and experience in writing for television rather than for print media."
下述文字摘自某作家类杂志的一篇文章。
　　"最近的一项研究发现，在描述日常某一天的交谈时，人们平均会提到看电视23次，而提到看小说仅一次。这一结果表明，与电视行业相比，出版和图书销售业可能会利润下降。因此，那些从事作家生涯的人应该获取为电视写作的训练与经验，而非为平面媒体写作的训练与经验."

Argument 221

The following appeared in the editorial section of a student newspaper.
"In a recent survey, most students who were studying beginning Russian gave higher course-evaluation ratings to classes taught by non-native Russian speakers than to classes taught by native Russian speakers. The reason that the non-native speakers were better teachers of Russian is easy to see: the non-native speakers learned Russian later in life themselves, and so they have a better understanding of how the language can be taught effectively. Therefore, in order to improve instruction for all languages and also save money, our university should hire non-native speakers as language instructors instead of trying to find and recruit native speakers.”
下述文字摘自某学生报纸的社论.
　　“在近期的一项调查中，大多数学习初级俄语的学生给非以俄语为本族语的教师所教的课程作出的评分高于以俄语作为本族语的教师所教的课程的评分。非以俄语为本族语的教师之所以能成为更好的俄语老师，其原因显而易见：这些非以俄语为母语的教师，他们自己都是在后来的生活中学习俄语的，因此他们更清楚如何才能有效地教语言。因此，为了提高所有语言的教学质量，并且节省费用，我们这所大学应该雇用非母语人士来作为语言教师，而不应该试图去寻找并雇用说母语的人来充当老师。”

Argument 222

The following article appeared in a recent issue of a college newspaper
"Among all students who graduated from Hooper University over the past five years, more physical science majors than social science majors found permanent jobs within a year of graduation. In a survey of recent Hooper University graduates, most physical science majors said they believed that the prestige of Hooper University's physical science programs helped them significantly in finding a job. In contrast, social science majors who found permanent employment attributed their success to their own personal initiative. Therefore, to ensure that social science majors find permanent jobs, Hooper University should offer additional social science courses and hire several new faculty members who already have national reputations in the social sciences."
下述文字摘自某大学报纸最近的一期。
　　"在过去5年中从Hooper大学毕业的所有学生中，能在毕业之后的一年中就找到终身职业的自然科学的学生远多于社会科学的学生。在对Hooper大学毕业生所作的一项近期调查中，大多数自然科学专业的学生说，他们相信Hooper大学自然科学课程的声望在他们找工作中起到了巨大的作用。相反，那些找到终身职业的社会科学专业的学生，则把他们的成功归诸于他们自己的努力和进取。因此，为了确保社会科学专业的学生也能寻找到终身职业，Hooper大学应该开设更多的社会科学课程，并雇用若干数量早就在社会科学领域中拥有全国性学术声誉的新教员。”

Argument 223

The following appeared as an editorial in one of Coleville's city newspapers.
"Even though a high percentage of Coleville City's businesses failed last year, we who live in Coleville City should keep in mind the fact that the Coleville region has attracted a great many new businesses over the last three years. It is well known that new businesses are, on average, much more likely to fail than are long-established ones, so the business failures should not be considered a sign of poor economic health. Indeed, many analysts regard the presence of a significant number of new companies among a region's businesses as a sign of economic health. Thus Coleville City appears to be in good, not poor, economic shape."
下述文字摘自某份Coleville市报纸的社论。
　　“尽管Collview市很大一部分比例的商业去年均告失败，但我们这些居住在Coleville市的居民心中应该牢记这样一个事实，即在过去的3年中，Coleville地区吸引了许多新的生意。众所周知，普遍而言，新的生意远比老字号的生意更易于失败，因此，生意的失败不应该被视作经济疲软的征兆。实际上，许多分析家将一个地区的商业中大量新公司的存在视作经济强劲的一种征兆。因此，Coleville市似乎处在一种健康的而非疲软的经济状况之中.”

Argument 224

The following appeared in a corporate planning memo at ABC Cereal Company, the makers of Better Bran cereal.
"Sales of Better Bran have declined in recent years, for reasons that management has now identified. First, Better Bran is a cereal with high sugar content, and recent research studies have found that most consumers say they are concerned about the amount of sugar added to their breakfast cereal. Second, the price of Better Bran has increased by 5 percent in each of the last three years. Therefore, to increase our company's profits we need to reduce the amount of sugar in Better Bran and lower Better Bran's price."
下述文字摘自ABC谷物公司的公司规划备忘录，ABC公司所生产的是Better Bran这一品牌的谷物早餐。
　　“Better Bran谷物早餐的销售在近几年呈下降趋势，个中的原因尚未被管理层所认识。首先，Better Bran这一品牌的谷物早餐含糖量很高，而最近的研究调查发现，大多数消费者说他们十分关注谷物早餐中所添加的糖份。其次，在过去的三年中，每一年Better Bran的售价增加了5％。因此，为了增加我们公司的利润，我们应该减少Better Bran 谷物早餐中的糖含量，并降低其售价。”

Argument 225

The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a local newspaper.
"During her three years in office, Governor Riedeburg has shown herself to be a worthy leader. Since she took office, crime has decreased, the number of jobs created per year has doubled, and the number of people choosing to live in our state has increased. These trends are likely to continue if she is reelected. In addition, Ms. Riedeburg has promised to take steps to keep big companies here, thereby providing jobs for any new residents. Anyone who looks at Ms. Riedeburg's record can tell that she is the best-qualified candidate for governor."
下述文字摘自一封致某地方报纸编辑的信函.
　　“在Riedeburg州长三年的任期内，她已证明自己是个当之无愧的领袖。自从她任职以来，犯罪率已下降，每年新创立的就业岗位增加了一倍，并且选择在我州居住的人数也不断上升。如果她得以连任，这些势头将会继续下去。此外，Riedeburg女士承诺将采取步骤来挽留大公司继续驻扎在本地，从而可为任何新居民提供就业机会。任何看过Riedeburg女士从政记录的人都深知，她是最具资格的州长候选人。”

Argument 226

The following appeared as part of a memo from the manager of an automobile manufacturing company.
"Because the demand for our automobiles is expected to increase dramatically, we need to open a new manufacturing plant as soon as possible in order to continue to thrive. Our marketing projections indicate that 80 million people will want to buy our automobiles, yet our existing plant can only produce 40 million automobiles. The new plant can be opened on a part-time basis, with workers from our existing site rotating responsibilities, until an operational staff can be trained. A major airplane manufacturer was extremely successful using this part-time rotating strategy when it opened its new plant five years ago."
下述文字摘自某汽车制造公司经理的备忘录。
　　“由于对我们公司的汽车的需求量可望出现戏剧性的增长，我们有必要尽快开设一家新的制造厂以便继续保持旺盛的势头。我们的营销预测显示，有8千万民众希望购买我们的汽车，但我们现在的工厂只能生产4千万辆汽车。新工厂不必全日开工，我们现有工作岗位上的工人可轮换职责，直到能训练出一批能熟练操作的工人。一家大型飞机制造商在5年前开设其新工厂时，通过使用这种非全日制轮换策略而获得了巨大的成功。”

Argument 227

The following appeared as an editorial in a local newspaper.
"In order to attract visitors to Central Plaza downtown and to return the plaza to its former glory, the city should prohibit skateboarding there and instead allow skateboarders to use an area in Monroe Park. At Central Plaza, skateboard users are about the only people one sees now, and litter and defaced property have made the plaza unattractive. In a recent survey of downtown merchants, the majority supported a prohibition on skateboarding in the plaza. Clearly, banning skateboarding in Central Plaza will make the area a place where people can congregate for fun or for relaxation."
下述文字摘自某地方报纸的社论。
　　"为了吸引游人前来闹市区的中央购物中心，使该购物中心重现昔日的辉煌，我市应该禁止人们在那里玩滑板。相反，应该允许玩滑板者使用Monroe公园的一片场地。在中央购物中心，滑板使用者大概是我们现在所能见到的唯一的人群，并且废弃的脏物以及受损毁的设施使得该购物中心无法吸引人。在最近对闹市区购物中心的商家所作的一项调查中，大多数人都支持在购物中心禁止玩滑板。显而易见，禁止人们在中央购物中心玩滑板将使该地区成为一处人们聚集在一起进行娱乐和休闲的场所。”

Argument 228

The following appeared in a newsletter from a political organization.
"In order to promote economic growth in the city, city residents should vote 'yes' on the state government's proposal to build a new expressway linking the outlying suburbs directly to the city center. A direct link to the city center will enable downtown businesses to receive deliveries more frequently, so that downtown retailers will no longer run out of stock and city manufacturers will not be affected by shortages of materials. Booming businesses will attract qualified workers from all over the state, workers who will be able to take advantage of the new expressway to commute to work in our city. In addition to these advantages, hundreds of workers will be employed to build the expressway, further stimulating the local economy!"
下述文字摘自某政治组织的时事通讯。
　　"为了促进本市的经济增长，本市居民应该投下赞成票来支持州政府的一项提议，去建造一条全新的高速公路，将外围的郊区和市中心直接连接起来。与市中心的直接连接将能使闹市区的商家更频繁地接收到投递的货物，这样闹市区的零售商们将不会缺货，本市制造商们也不再会受物资短缺的影响。商业的繁荣将会吸引合格的工人从全州的所有地方慕名而来，这些工人将会利用全新的高速公路乘车来我市工作。除上述这些有利条件以外，数以万计的工人将被雇用来建造这条高速公路，从而进一步刺激当地经济。”

Argument 229

The following appeared as part of a memo from the manager of a hazardous-waste disposal company.
"Our new plan will help us better protect our staff against exposure to toxic chemicals: we are fitting each new safety suit with an alarm that will sound in the main control booth when the suit is punctured. The control booth will notify the managers on duty, who will then take the necessary steps to ensure employees' safety. In addition to the obvious safety-related benefits, the fast reaction time will ensure minimal work stoppage and thus result in increased worker productivity and company profitability."
下述文字摘自某有害废弃物处理公司经理的备忘录
　　“我们的新计划将帮助我们更好地保护我们的员工避免受有毒化学品的影响：我们正在为每套新安全服安装警报器，当安全服裂开时，该警报器便会在主控室发出报警声音。控制室会通知值班经理，该值班经理然后会采取必要的步骤来确保员工的安全。除了这些与安全相关的益处外，迅速的应急时间也将确保最低限度的停工，从而会导致工人生产率的提高及公司利润的增加。"

Argument 230

The following appeared in a recommendation from the planning department of the city of Transopolis.
"Ten years ago, as part of a comprehensive urban renewal program, the city of Transopolis adapted for industrial use a large area of severely substandard housing near the freeway. Subsequently, several factories were constructed there, crime rates in the area declined, and property tax revenues for the entire city increased. To further revitalize the city, we should now take similar action in a declining residential area on the opposite side of the city. Since some houses and apartments in existing nearby neighborhoods are currently unoccupied, alternate housing for those displaced by this action will be readily available."
下述文字摘自Transopolis市规划部门的建议。
　　“10年前，作为一个城市综合改造计划的一部分，Transopolis市对高速公路附近的一大片严重不达标的住房进行了改造，用于工业目的。随后不久，若干数量的工厂在那里建设起来，该区的犯罪率也开始下降，整个城市的财产税收益也得到增加。为了进一步为我市重新注入活力，我们现在应该在我市另一侧那个越来越不景气的居民区采取类似的行动。既然附近现有的街区有些房子和公寓目前无人居住，本行动所造成的无家可归者正好可以利用这些住房。”

Argument 231

The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a local newspaper.
“The members of the town school board should not be reelected because they are not concerned about promoting high-quality education in the arts in our local schools. For example, student participation in the high school drama club has been declining steadily, and this year the school board refused to renew the contract of the drama director, even though he had received many awards for his original plays. Meanwhile, over $300,000 of the high school budget goes to athletic programs, and the head football coach is now the highest-paid member of the teaching staff.”
下述文字摘自一封致某家市报的信函：
　　"本镇学校董事会的成员不应该得到重新当选，因为他们并不关心在我们当地各学校里倡导高质量的文科教育。例如，学生参加高中戏剧俱乐部的人数持续下降，本年度学校董事会拒绝与戏剧督导续签合约，尽管他为其原创的剧作获得过诸多奖项。与此同时，高中预算中有30万美元以上的经费被用于体育项目，足球主教练现在已成为教职员工中薪酬最丰厚的成员。”

Argument 232

The following appeared in a memo from the sales manager of Eco-Power, a company that manufactures tools and home appliances
"Many popular radio and television commercials use memorable tunes and song lyrics to call attention to the products being advertised. Indeed, a recent study of high school students showed that 85 percent could easily recognize the tunes used to advertise leading soft drinks and fast-food restaurants. Despite our company's extensive advertising in magazines during the past year, sales of our home appliances declined. Therefore, to boost company profits, we should now switch to advertisements featuring a distinctive song."
下述文字摘自生产工具和家用电器的Eco-Power公司销售经理的备忘录。
　　＂许多广为流行的电台和电视广告都使用给人记忆深刻的曲调和歌词来使人注意所被广告的产品。事实上，最近一项对高中生所作的调查显示，有85％的高中生能够轻易地识别出用来广告主要软饮料和快餐饭馆的曲调。虽然我们公司去年一年在杂志上大做广告，但我们家用电器的销量却下降了。因此，为了提高公司的利润，我们现在应该改做那些带有与众不同歌曲的广告。＂

Argument 233

The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of a company that builds shopping malls throughout the country
"The surface of a section of Route 101, paved two years ago by McAdam Road Builders, is now badly cracked and marred by dangerous potholes. In another part of the state, a section of Route 66, paved by Appian Roadways more than four years ago, is still in good condition. Appian Roadways has recently purchased state-of-the-art paving machinery, and it has hired a new quality-control manager. Because of its superior work and commitment to quality, we should contract with Appian Roadways rather than McAdam Road Builders to construct the access roads for all our new shopping malls.＂
下述文字摘自一家在全国各地建造购物商业区的公司的副总裁的备忘录
　　"由McAdam道路建造公司2年前铺设的101大街，有一段路的表面现在已经出现严重裂痕，并遭到危险凹坑的毁损。在本州的另一个地区，由Appian道路建筑公司在4年多以前铺设的66号道路，其中的一段现在依然完好无损。Appian道路建筑公司最近购置了最先进的铺路机械，并雇用了一个新的质量控制经理。由于其优异的工作以及对质量的专注，我们应该与Appian公司而非McAdam公司签定合约，来建造我们所有要新建的购物商业区的入口通道。"

Argument 234

The following appeared in a newspaper feature story
There is now evidence that the relaxed manner of living in small towns promotes better health and greater ““longevity than does the hectic pace of life in big cities. Businesses in the small town of Leeville report fewer days of sick leave taken by individual workers than do businesses in the nearby large city of Mason City. Furthermore, Leeville has only one physician for its one thousand residents, but in Mason City the proportion of physicians to residents is five times as high. And the average age of Leeville residents is significantly higher than that of Mason City residents. These findings suggest that people seeking longer and healthier lives should consider moving to small communities.”
下述文字摘自某报纸专题故事
　　 　　"现在有证据表明，与大城市急促的生活节奏相比，小城镇悠闲自在的生活方式可促使人们更为健康，更为长寿。Leeville这座小城镇的商家们反映，比起附近的Mason市这座大城市，单个工人病休的天数远少得多。此外，Leeville市1000名居民中仅有一位大夫，但在Mason市，大夫与居民的比例要高出5倍。Leeville居民的平均年龄远高于Mason市居民的年龄。这些研究发现均表明，凡是追求更为健康生活和更长寿命的人们应该考虑搬迁到小规模的社区去生活。"

Argument 235

The following appeared in a memorandum from the general manager of KNOW radio station.
"Several factors indicate that radio station KNOW should shift its programming from rock-and-roll music to a continuous news format. Consider, for example, the number of older people in our listening area has increased dramatically, while the total number of our listeners has recently declined. Also, music stores in our area report decreased sales of recorded music. Finally, continuous news stations in neighboring cities have been very successful, and a survey taken just before the recent election shows that local citizens are interested in becoming better informed about politics."
下述文字摘自KNOW电台总经理的备忘录.
　　“若干个因素表明，KNOW电台应该将其节目编排从摇滚音乐转为滚动新闻模式。例如，我们应该考虑到我们这个收听地区老人的数量已急剧上升，而与此同时我们的听众总量最近有所下降。此外，我区的音乐商店反映，录制音乐的销量也有所下降。最后，邻近几个城市的滚动新闻电台大获成功，最近选举之前刚做的一项调查显示，当地公民对获得更多的政治资讯甚感兴趣。”

Argument 236

The following appeared as a letter to the editor of a local Solano newspaper.
"The Solano school district should do away with its music education programs. After all, music programs are not especially popular in our schools: only 20 percent of our high school students participated in music programs last year. Furthermore, very few of the Solano district's college-bound students are interested in majoring in music at the university level. Also, when the school district of our neighboring town of Rutherford eliminated its music programs two years ago, the overall grade point average in the high school increased by 10 percent the next year. Surely the money spent on Solano music programs could be better used to improve the quality of traditional academic courses."
下述文字摘自一封致Solano某当地报纸编辑的信函.
　　“Solano教育区应该取消其音乐教育课程。毕竟而言，音乐课程在我区的学校里并不特别受人欢迎。去年，参加音乐课程的高中学生仅为20％。此外，Solano区要上大学的学生中，几乎没有什么人有兴趣在大学教育这一等级上以音乐为其专业。同样地，当我们附近的Rutherford镇的教育区2年前取消了音乐课程后，高中的总绩点次年就增加了10％。毫无疑问，用于Solano音乐课程上的经费可以有更好的使用途径，那就是用来提高传统学术性课程的质量。”

Argument 237

The following appeared as part of an article in a local Beauville newspaper.
"According to a government report, last year the city of Dillton reduced its corporate tax rate by 15 percent; at the same time, it began offering relocation grants and favorable rates on city utilities to any company that would relocate to Dillton. Within 18 months, two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton, where they employ a total of 300 people. Therefore, the fastest way for Beauville to stimulate economic development and hence reduce unemployment is to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies to relocate here."
下述文字摘自Beauville某当地报纸的一篇文章.
　　“据政府的一份报告称，去年Dillton市将其公司税率减少了15％。与此同时，它开始向任何愿意搬迁到Dillton市的公司提供搬迁补助金和优惠的市政公共设施使用费。在18个月中，有两家制造公司迁至Dillton市，它们雇用了总数为300名的工人。因此，对于Beauvillle市来说，刺激经济发展并因此减少失业的最迅速的方法是提供税收激励机制及其他财政吸引措施，鼓励私营公司搬迁到本地区来。”

Argument 238

The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Mira Vista College to the college's board of trustees.
"At nearby Green Mountain College, which has more business courses and more job counselors than does Mira Vista College, 90 percent of last year's graduating seniors had job offers from prospective employers. But at Mira Vista College last year, only 70 percent of the seniors who informed the placement office that they would be seeking employment had found full-time jobs within three months after graduation, and only half of these graduates were employed in their major field of study. To help Mira Vista's graduates find employment, we must offer more courses in business and computer technology and hire additional job counselors to help students with their resumès and interviewing skills."
下述文字摘自Mira Vista学院院长致该学院董事会成员的备忘录。
　　“在附近的绿山学院（该学院比Mira Vista学院开设了更多的商务课，并拥有更多的就业辅导员），去年毕业班学生中的90％从潜在雇主那里获得了就业录用。但去年在Mira Vista学院，在所有告知安置办公室说他们将会去寻找工作的四年级学生中，仅有70％的学生在毕业后的3个月中找到了全职工作，且这些毕业生中仅有一半的人所从事的工作与其专业对口。为了帮助Mira Vista学院的毕业生找到工作，我们必须提供更多的商务课程和计算机技术课程，并雇用更多的就业辅导员来帮助学生更好地准备其求职简历，培训其面试技巧。”

Argument 239

The following appeared as an editorial in the local newspaper of Dalton.
"When the neighboring town of Williamsville adopted a curfew four months ago that made it illegal for persons under the age of 18 to loiter or idle in public places after 10 p.m., youth crime in Williamsville dropped by 27 percent during curfew hours. In Williamsville's town square, the area where its citizens were once most outraged at the high crime rate, not a single crime has been reported since the curfew was introduced. Therefore, to help reduce its own rising crime rate, the town of Dalton should adopt the same kind of curfew. A curfew that keeps young people at home late at night will surely control juvenile delinquency and protect minors from becoming victims of crime."
下述文字摘自Dalton市某当地报纸的一篇社论。
　　“当附近的Williamsville镇4个月前开始实施宵禁制度，使18周岁以下的人在晚上10点之后在公共场所闲逛或滞留成为非法后，Williamsville镇青少年犯罪比例在宵禁时段下降了27％。在Williamsville的镇广场这个市民们曾一度对居高不下的犯罪率痛恨无比的地区，自宵禁实施以来还不曾报告过一例犯罪行为。因此，为了帮助减少其自身不断上升的犯罪率，Dalton镇应该采取相同的宵禁措施。可使年轻人深夜一直呆在家里的宵禁措施将毫无疑问遏制青少年犯罪，并保护未成年人不致于沦为犯罪的受害者。”

Argument 240

The following appeared in a memo written by a dean at Buckingham College.
"To serve the housing needs of our students, Buckingham College should build a new dormitory. Buckingham's enrollment is growing and, based on current trends, should double over the next fifty years, thus making existing dormitories inadequate. Moreover, the average rent for an apartment in our town has increased in recent years. Consequently, students will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus housing. Finally, an attractive new dormitory would make prospective students more likely to enroll at Buckingham."
下述文字摘自Buckingham学校教务长撰写的备忘录。
　　“为了满足我们学生的住房需求，Buckingham学院应该建造一幢新宿舍。Buckingham学院的入学人数正在不断增加，照目前的趋势来看，在未来的50年中应该会上升一倍。这会使我们目前现有的宿舍供不应求。此外，本市近几年中公寓的平均租金已增加。因此，学生会越来越难以支付校园外的住房费用。最后，一幢引人入胜的新宿舍将使潜在的学生更有可能报名就读于Buckingham学院。”

Argument 241

The following appeared in a memo at the XYZ company.
"When XYZ lays off employees, it pays Delany Personnel Firm to offer those employees assistance in creating resumès and developing interviewing skills, if they so desire. Laid-off employees have benefited greatly from Delany's services: last year those who used Delany found jobs much more quickly than did those who did not. Recently, it has been proposed that we use the less-expensive Walsh Personnel Firm in place of Delany. This would be a mistake because eight years ago, when XYZ was using Walsh, only half of the workers we laid off at that time found jobs within a year. Moreover, Delany is clearly superior, as evidenced by its bigger staff and larger number of branch offices. After all, last year Delany's clients took an average of six months to find jobs, whereas Walsh's clients took nine."
下述文字摘自XYZ公司的备忘录。
　　 　　“当XYZ公司解雇员工时，它会向Delany人事公司支付费用，向这些被解雇的员工提供撰写求职简历和培养面试技巧方面的帮助。下岗职工从Delany公司的服务中获益匪浅：去年，使用过Delany公司服务的下岗职工比那些没有使用Delany公司服务的员工更快地找到了工作。最近，有人提议我们使用较为廉价的Walsh人事公司的服务来替代Delany公司。这无疑是个错误，因为8年之前，当XYZ公司正在使用Walsh公司的人事服务时，我们那时所辞退的工人中仅有一半的人在一年内找到了工作。此外，Delany公司无疑更为出色，从它更大的工作人员规模和为数更多的分部可见一斑。毕竟而言，去年，Delany公司的客户平均只用了6个月的时间找到工作，而Walsh公司的客户则平均用了9个月的时间。”

Argument 242

The following appeared as an editorial in the student newspaper of Groveton College.
"Tocombat the recently reported dramatic rise in cheating among college and university students, these institutions should adopt honor codes similar to Groveton's, which calls for students to agree not to cheat in their academic endeavors and to notify a faculty member if they suspect that others have cheated. Groveton's honor code replaced an old-fashioned system in which students were closely monitored by teachers and an average of thirty cases of cheating per year were reported. The honor code has proven far more successful: in the first year it was in place, students reported twenty-one cases of cheating; five years later, this figure had dropped to fourteen. Moreover, in a recent survey conducted by the Groveton honor council, a majority of students said that they would be less likely to cheat with an honor code in place than without."
下述文字摘自Groveton学院学生报纸上的一篇社论。
　　“为了打击最近被报道的大学生愈演愈烈的作弊行为，各高校应该采用类似于Groveton学院的行为准则，该行为准则要求学生承诺在其学业表现上不弄虚作假，并且，如果他们怀疑其他学生有弄虚作假的行为，应随即告知老师。Groveton的行为准则取代了一种陈旧过时的制度，在那种制度下，学生受到老师的严密监视，每年报告的弄虚作假行为平均达到30个案例。行为准则被证明远为成功：在实施的第一年，学生报告了21起欺骗案例；5年之后，这一数字已下降到14。另外，在一项由Groveton学院行为规范委员会所作的近期调查中，大多数学生说，相对于没有行为准则而言，有了行为准则之后他们就不太会去进行弄虚作假了.”

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